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Oscillating gene
In molecular biology, an oscillating gene is a gene that is expressed in a rhythmic pattern or in periodic cycles.〔Tuttle LM, Salis H, Tomshine J, Kaznessis YN (December 2005). "Model-Driven Designs of an Oscillating Gene Network". ''Biophys. J''. 89 (6): 3873–83. doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.064204. PMC 1366954. PMID 16183880.〕〔Moreno-Risueno, Miguel and Phillip N. Benfey (2011). "Time-based patterning in development: the role of oscillating gene expression." Landes Bioscience 2 (3):124-129. http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/transcription/article/15637/Moreno-RisuenoTRANS2-3.pdf (article ) 〕 Oscillating genes are usually circadian and can be identified by periodic changes in the state of an organism. Circadian rhythms, controlled by oscillating genes, have a period of approximately 24 hours. For example, plant leaves opening and closing at different times of the day or the sleep-wake schedule of animals can all include circadian rhythms. Other periods are also possible, such as 29.5 days resulting from circalunar rhythms or 12.4 hours resulting from circatidal rhythms.〔Martin C, Frank M Sulzman, and Charles A Fuller. The Clocks that Time Us. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.〕 Oscillating genes include both core clock component genes and output genes. A core clock component gene is a gene necessary for to the pacemaker. However, an output oscillating gene, such as the AVP gene, is rhythmic but not necessary to the pacemaker.〔Buhr ED, Takahashi JS (2013). "Molecular Components of the Mammalian Circadian Clock". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. doi: 10.1007. (PMID 2360447 ) 3〕
==History==
The first recorded observations of oscillating genes come from the marches of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C.〔Von Dr. Hugo Bretzl.'Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges.' Leipzig: Teubner. 1903〕 At this time, one of Alexander’s generals, Androsthenes, wrote that the tamarind tree would open its leaves during the day and close them at nightfall.〔 Until 1729, the rhythms associated with oscillating genes were assumed to be “passive responses to a cyclic environment”.〔Moore, Martin C, Frank M Sulzman, and Charles A Fuller. The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System. Harvard University Press.〕 In 1729, Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan demonstrated that the rhythms of a plant opening and closing its leaves continued even when placed somewhere where sunlight could not reach it. This was one of the first indications that there was an active element to the oscillations. In 1923, Ingeborg Beling published her paper "Über das Zeitgedächtnis der Bienen" (“On the Time Memory of Bees”) which extended oscillations to animals, specifically bees〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Über das Zeitgedächtnis der Bienen." Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiologie 9.2 (1929): 259-338. Print. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00340159〕 In 1971, Ronald Konopka and Seymour Benzer discovered that mutations of the PERIOD gene caused changes in the circadian rhythm of flies under constant conditions. They hypothesized that the mutation of the gene was affecting the basic oscillator mechanism.〔Konopka, RJ and Seymour Benzer. "Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 68.9 (1971): 2112-2116.
http://www.pnas.org/content/68/9/2112.full.pdf
〕 Paul Hardin, Jeffrey Hall, and Michael Rosbash demonstrated that relationship by discovering that within the PERIOD gene, there was a feedback mechanism that controlled the oscillation.〔 The mid-1990s saw an outpouring of discoveries, with CLOCK, CRY, and others being added to the growing list of oscillating genes.〔Thompson CL, Sancar A (2004). "Cryptochrome: Discovery of a Circadian Photopigment". In Lenci F, Horspool WM. CRC handbook of organic photochemistry and photobiology. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 1381–89. ISBN 0-8493-1348-1.〕〔King DP, Zhao Y, Sangoram AM, Wilsbacher LD, Tanaka M, Antoch MP, Steeves TD, Vitaterna MH, Kornhauser JM, Lowrey PL, Turek FW, Takahashi JS (April 1997). "Positional Cloning of the Mouse Circadian Clock Gene". ''Cell'' 89 (4): 641–653. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80245-7. PMID 9160755.〕
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